Despite better treatment methods, about 45,000 people still die from cancer each year in the Netherlands. This makes it the leading cause of death. Every year, 100,000 new people are diagnosed with it. Cancer, the uncontrolled growth of body cells, is caused by genetic changes in cells. These mutations cause problems in many essential biological systems and processes, such as metabolism, signal transmission, and protein transport. This also changes sensitivity to drugs. Tumours rarely turn out to be identical. It is important to know the genetic make-up and characteristics of the tumour. This allows tumours to be recognised at an earlier stage, and therapy can be delivered in a more tailored way.
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Cancer raises not only many medical questions, but also many related questions about care and quality of life. The ultimate goal is to eliminate cancer altogether. At worst, cancer should become a well-treatable chronic disease with good (after)care options and sufficient preservation of quality of life. To answer the medical questions, many disciplines need to work together. Deep molecular understanding of the complex workings of (stem) cells is needed to understand how genetic changes allow tumour cells to develop and become resistant to common drugs. And when cancer does arise, to develop better, individualised, and cost-effective treatment methods. These may include (a mix of) new precision drugs alongside further refined surgical, imaging and radiotherapy techniques. One of the biggest challenges will be figuring out what is the most effective combination therapy for a given patient with his or her specific genetic background - and his or her specific tumour. With the development of tumour stem cells, called organoids, the effectiveness of a wide range of potential drugs can be screened outside the patient. In addition, promising non-tumour-specific therapies are being developed by engaging a patient's own immune system.
