Einstein's theory of relativity links space with time, explaining gravity as a distortion of spacetime. This makes this theory fundamentally different from theories about other forces of nature. But Einstein's theory has not yet been tested to its limits. Only in the universe is this possible: black holes and neutron stars bend space so much that they produce exotic phenomena. Studying these objects therefore provides unique insight into the laws of nature that comprise our most fundamental understanding of the nature of space and time. The challenge is to detect these phenomena with extremely sensitive instruments through observations in gamma, X-ray, radio and gravitational radiation. This is within reach in the coming years. In addition, theoretical work is essential: is gravity perhaps holographic and emergent, as suggested by string theory, and what does that say about what space and time essentially are?
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Dutch researchers play a leading role in the world in these fields. This is not only evidenced by various (top research school) programmes. The Netherlands also participates on a large scale in international facilities with unique instrumentation, both on the ground and in space. Technological development of instrumentation is essential for this type of research. Knowledge institutions are also involved in this development, often together with companies, especially from high-tech SMEs.
